News
Current and former Institute for Population Research (IPR) affiliates Dr. David Kinitz and Dr. Alec P. Rhodes have been selected for the Center of Aging Families (CAF) Emerging Scholars Program. …
Dr. Andridge, associate dean and College of Public Health professor, was honored by University of Michigan for contributions through research, teaching, leadership, mentorship, and/or innovation.…
Graduate students from all disciplines are invited to submit work for oral presentations or roundtable workshops as an opportunity to practice public speaking skills and develop your work.
Andrea Constant, an IPR student affiliate, has been elected Graduate Student Representative for the American Sociological Association's (ASA) Section on Racial and Ethnic Minorities.
Dr. Dutta, associate professor of geography and IPR Seed Grant recipient, commented on how Indian factory workers are being required to film themselves for AI with no additional compensation.
Ashleigh LoVette, assistant professor in the College of Public Health, was recognized by her college for her dedication to student learning and engagement.
The Institute for Population Research (IPR) is proud to announce that several IPR affiliates have been awarded tenure and promoted in recognition of their outstanding contributions to teaching,…
The Institute for Population Research Graduate Student Organization (IPRGSO) has elected its officers for the 2026-27 academic year.
The newly elected IPRGSO officers are:
Dr. Dahir, sociology professor, spoke about her research in urban sociology and the intersections of race, ethnicity, and immigration.
Associate professor of human development and family science, Dr. Ansari received this honor highlighting both his outstanding research and service to the College of Education and Human Ecology.
Dr. Rachel Dwyer, sociology professor, received the Harlan Hatcher Arts and Sciences Distinguished Faculty Award, which recognizes professors with an outstanding record in teaching, research, and…
Dr. Rebecca Andridge, associate dean for undergraduate studies and College of Public Health professor, received the Alumni Award for Distinguished Teaching.
Dr. Caezilia Loibl, consumer sciences professor, was quoted in an NPR article about her research on the financial toll of chronic disease and the loss of a spouse at an older age.
IPR affiliates Dr. Kelsea Best and Dr. Smitha Rao collaborated with IPR seminar speaker Dr. Arbor Quist to earn a 2026 Sustainability Research Seed Grant.
Dr. Reanne Frank, sociology professor, was featured in the media speaking about the critical role immigrants play in communities like Springfield.
The Center for Aging Families (CAF) Innovation Program invites applications for grants up to $20,000 to advance innovative, interdisciplinary research on aging families. Apply by May 15, 2026.
IPR is proud to highlight our exceptional faculty and student affiliates who are presenting at the Population Association of America 2026 Annual Meeting. Having so many IPR affiliates selected to…
Dr. Susan Yoon, associate professor in the College of Social Work, was recently named one of the world’s top 20 most prolific and influential authors in child abuse and neglect research.
Dr. Claudia Buchmann, sociology professor, was featured in the Los Angeles Times speaking on how women graduate students outnumber men, reducing U.S. global economic competitiveness.
Beginning May 1, Dr. Moulton, professor and associate dean for faculty and research at the John Glenn College of Public Affairs, will be acting dean.
Nima Dahir, assistant professor in sociology, received this award from the Urban Affairs Association for her commitment to rigorous and impactful research and service.
Dr. Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan, professor of psychology, was quoted in an article by The New York Times discussing the impact of parental behavior on their children's health.
SSWR Fellows are members who work to advance, disseminate, and translate research that addresses social work issues and promotes a diverse, equitable, and just society.
Dr. Chen highlights how she integrates a feminist and humanistic approach to economics, developing courses such as Data Feminism, which teaches students to apply new ways of thinking to data…
The goal of this series of workshops is to support participants in developing research ideas into grant projects. The first meeting will take place the first week of February 2026.
The Institute for Population Research (IPR) has embarked upon a new collaboration to form the Center for Aging Families (CAF). CAF brings together more than 50 affiliate scholars across social…
Dr. Smith's research shows that after Dobbs, two Illinois abortion providers saw a 35% increase in abortions, driven by patients who lived where abortion was illegal or more restricted.
Stephanie Moulton, PhD, John Glenn College of Public Affairs, has received one of the highest honors for scholars in the field of public administration and policy.
We welcome and encourage paper submissions on population-related topics from graduate students in all departments and disciplines, due by October 24, 2025.
IPR affiliate Rin Reczek and IPR Director Sarah Hayford have been awarded an infrastructure grant from the National Institute on Aging (NIA) to create the Center for Aging Families (CAF). CAF will…
IPR will be accepting fall 2025 seed grant applications, due by October 15. Full information is on IPR’s seed grant page.
IPR offers seed grants to nurture and promote…
Drawing on the methods used for her IPR Seed Grant research, IPR affiliate Parvati Singh recently published an article in Epidemiology. Dr. Singh, assistant professor in the College of…
Congratulations to Christine Field, Arbor Quist, Courtney Lynch and Olorunfemi Adetona for receiving a spring 2025 IPR Seed Grant. IPR awarded the grant funds for their following projects:
Dr…
IPR affiliate Jianyong Wu's research findings and comments about his research on life expectancy of people living near different types of bodies of water were highlighted in an Ohio State News…
Jeffrey H. Cohen, professor of anthropology at The Ohio State University and Institute for Population Research (IPR) affiliate, took a deep dive into grasshopper cuisine. Supported by an IPR Seed…
Please join us in congratulating the newly elected governing board of IPR's Graduate Student Organization (IPRGSO)!
President: Mei-Yu (Mei) Kuo, Department of Sociology Vice President: Taehyun…
Dr. Sarah Hayford, Ohio State University professor of sociology and director of the Institute for Population Research, was featured on the WOSU public radio program All Sides with Amy Juravich…
Dr. Parvati Singh (Assistant Professor, Epidemiology) is recruiting Graduate Student Research Assistants for the academic year 2024-2025 (August 2024-May 2025) to work on projects related to…
Please join us in congratulating the newly elected governing board of IPR's Graduate Student Organization!
President – Luca Badolato
Vice President – Xueqian (Chelsea) Chen
We are pleased to announce an exciting schedule of fall seminar speakers. IPR seminars will continue to be on Tuesdays from 12:30-1:30pm in 38 Townshend Hall and on zoom. Registration details,…
Patricia Pittman received the Outstanding Dissertation Award for the Department of Human Sciences. This award is given to students in recognition of a dissertation that represents exceptional…
The Community Engaged Scholar Award recognizes faculty members who have demonstrated co-created engaged scholarship that has positively impacted communities. Community Engaged Scholars have made…
“Perceptions and Experiences with Healthcare Providers Among People Navigating Reproductive and Fertility Decisions” by Marta Bornstein, Anna C. Church, Kaleb Masterson, and Alison H. Norris was…
Congratulations to Yoonyoung Choi, Mei-Yu Kuo, and Sarah Hayford for their poster awards at The Population of Association of America annual meeting in Columbus, OH in April 2024. A full list of…
The 16th Annual Huber Population Lecture will feature Dr. Bruce Link, UC Riverside, Distinguished Professor of Public Policy and Sociology & Columbia University, Mailman School of…
IPR is proud to provide seed grant funding to four new projects:
Sandy Wong, Geography, "Geographic Disparities in Climate Change Vulnerabilities at the Intersection of…
Parvati's research published in Economics & Human Biology examines whether a casino-based unconditional cash transfer, in the form of per capita (percap) payments to members of the…
Announcing the Spring 2024 IPR Seminar Series
IPR is pleased to share our schedule for the IPR Seminar Series for Spring semester. We will be hosting nine excellent…
Welcome back R fans! This semester the R Working Group is planning 4 sessions that will be held the first Thursday of every month (Sept 7th, Oct 5th, Nov 2nd, & Dec 7th).
We will meet in…
Dear IPR graduate students,
Please join us in congratulating the newly elected governing board of IPRGSO! President – Huda Jabbar Vice President – Luca Badolato Treasurer – Akanne Torres…
The Institute for Population Research is seeking a student assistant to perform a wide range of duties to support faculty and staff. The primary responsibilities of this position will be helping…
Engaged Scholars is a series highlighting Ohio State faculty who have made an impact in our communities through their community-engaged research and teaching. IPR affiliate Jeffrey Cohen was…
The Population Association of America annual meeting takes place April 12-15, 2023 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Demographers at all career stages are afforded the opportunity to present their…
IPR is looking for one or more faculty affiliates to help organize the 2023-24 seminar series. The seminar organizer(s) will solicit suggestions from IPR affiliates for speakers, invite internal…
Representing seven colleges from around the university, 25 researchers have been selected through a competitive process for the 2023 Growing Research Opportunities Academy. This professional…
PhD student in Geography Anisa Kline (Kendra McSweeney, advisor) is the lead author on a new Ohio Commission on Hispanic/Latino Affairs report "Latino H2A…
Donna Bobbitt-Zeher is an Associate Professor of Sociology as well as Assistant Dean for General Education Implementation at OSU Marion. She primarily teaches classes on social…
Effective January 25, 2023, all grant proposals submitted to NIH that will produce new data require the inclusion of a Data Management and Sharing Plan. OSU's Health Sciences Library has created a…
The Office of Management and Budget requests comments on the initial proposals from the Federal Interagency Technical Working Group on Race and Ethnicity Standards for revising OMB’s 1997…
Drs. Arati Maleku and Susan Yoon, Associate Professors of Social Work, were inducted into the Society For Social Work & Research 2023 class of fellows. SSWR Fellows are members who have served…
The R Working Group, led by IPR Research Scientist Jason Thomas, has several workshops planned this semester, roughly every other Friday with a few changes due to spring break & PAA. Sessions will…
The Ohio State Graduate School announced its Presidential Fellows for 2022-2023, a group that includes 22 students in the College of Arts and Sciences. The Presidential Fellowship is the most…
The Institute for Population Research is pleased to announce the Spring 2023 IPR Seminar Series!
Seminars will take place in Townshend 038, with a zoom option available. The City of…
IPR Director Sarah Hayford has recently been elected to the Board of Directors of the Population Association of America. Congratulations to Dr. Hayford!
For more information about the 2022…
INSTITUTE FOR POPULATION RESEARCH PRESENTS
IPR Special Seminar - Executive Vice President and Provost Melissa Gilliam
"Designing for Adolescent…
The Institute for Population Research is pleased to announce the Fall 2022 IPR Seminar Series!
Seminars will take place in Townshend 038, with a zoom option available. The City of Columbus…
Society of Research Administrators International’s (SRAI) ‘Future of the Field’ recognition program aims to highlight the up-and-comers of Research Administration demonstrating leadership among…
We are excited to announce that the Institute for Population Research Graduate Student Organization has elected officers for the 2022-2023 term! These graduate students…
Women who deliver babies at Catholic hospitals are about half as likely to have undergone a sterilization procedure to prevent unwanted pregnancies after the birth as those who delivered elsewhere…
John Casterline, Robert T. Lazarus Professor in Population Studies at OSU, and Laila El-Zeini. Professor of Economics and Political Science at Cairo University, were recently published in…
IPR is seeking a Graduate Research Associate for the 2022-2023 academic year. The role is available for one semester (either fall or spring) and is a 50% FTE appointment. In some situations, we…
Trevon Logan, associate dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and the Hazel C. Youngberg Trustees Distinguished Professor in the Department of Economics, has been named one of …
Harvey Miller, Bob and Mary Reusche Chair in Geography, director of the Center for Urban and Regional Analysis, and professor in the Department of Geography has been named a 2021 AAAS Fellow.
…
The Institute for Population Research is looking to hire several OSU students to assist with qualitative data analysis for a Gates Foundation funded project focused on fertility desires and…
Dr. Kammi Schmeer, Associate Professor of Sociology, received her PhD in sociology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She was a graduate trainee in demography at the Carolina…
IPR invites affiliated faculty and students to apply for funding for the 2022 PAA Annual Meeting in Atlanta, GA on April 6-9, 2022.
IPR will provide up to $1000 of financial support to…
The Institute for Population Research is pleased to announce the Spring 2022 IPR Seminar Series!
Please note that January and February 2022 seminars will only be offered in a…
Please save the date for the 15th Annual BGSU/OSU Graduate Student Conference on Population. The conference will be held in-person on Friday, Oct. 29th and hosted…
With the change in the director position, IPR would like to add one or two people to the leadership team. Leadership team members help to support existing IPR initiatives (including the…
The Institute for Population Research is pleased to announce the Autumn 2021 IPR Seminar Series. The series will continue to be in a virtual format next semester.
The series will kick off…
Presentations by Ohio State affiliates at the 2021 annual meeting of the Population Association of America, presented virtually this year.
Note: All times listed in St Louis…
Dr. Sarah Hayford, Professor of Sociology and Director of Graduate Studies was featured on the Cincinnati public radio program, Cincinnati Edition, to discuss the impact of COVID-19 on…
The Institute for Population Research is pleased to announce the 2021 Spring Seminar Series. The series will continue to be in a virtual format next semester. This year, the seminars will focus on…
The Institute for Population Research is pleased to announce the 2020 Fall Seminar Series in a new, virtual format. This year, the seminars will focus on three themes: COVID-19, Racial Inequality,…
Congratulations to the new PAA officers and board and committee members. Two IPR affiliates, Elizabeth Cooksey and Samuel Clark, have been elected. Thank you to the 57% of total electors who voted…
IPR is delighted to announce that Senior Grants Specialist Jill Morris is one of twelve recipients of this year’s university Distinguished Staff Award.
Jill is an expert…
Dr. Samuel Clark, Professor of Sociology and IPR faculty affiliate, was quoted in The New York Times. Read the article, "What 5 Coronavirus Models Say the Next Month Will Look Like", here…
The university has plenty of experts to help Ohio’s response to the coronavirus pandemic, and IPR affiliate Elisabeth Root, who is an associate professor in the Department of…
Dean Lillard, professor in the Department of Human Sciences in the College of Education and Human Ecology, has received a Fulbright U.S. Scholar Award to Austria for “Life-course Smoking Patterns…
Research of Dr. Trevon Logan, Professor of Economics and IPR affiliate, was featured in The Wall Street Journal. Read the article, "Research Ties Historic Black Names to Longer Life".
A new study published in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior is the first to suggest that children’s exposure to discrimination can harm their mothers’ health. The findings reveal an…
The census is not only a headcount, but also offers insight into how Americans live—our family demographics, our income, education, and our priorities. OSU sociology professor and Director of the…
The IPR Seminar Series will resume this spring with the first session on January 7, 2020 from 12:30-1:30pm in 38 Townshend Hall.
Please see the full seminar schedule below
On Friday, November 1, 2019, the Institute for Population Research hosted the 13th Annual BGSU/OSU Graduate Student Conference on Population. The event was jointly sponsored by the Center for…
The IPR Seminar Series will resume this fall with the first session on September 10, 2019 from 12:30-1:30pm in 38 Townshend Hall.
Please see the full seminar schedule below:
Female professors at The Ohio State University earn 11% less than male professors, according to a new study. Based on the mean salary in 2016, this gap translates into an annual loss of just under…
The Institute for Population Research (IPR), an interdisciplinary center focusing on population and health research, recently renewed its five-year infrastructure grant from the National Institute…
Many IPR affiliates will be presenting their work next week at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America…
Institute for Population Research 2019 Seed Grant Announcement We are currently accepting applications-Due March 25, 2019
IPR offers…
Two faculty from Sociology and IPR have received a three-year grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for research on demographic change in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The $1.6M grant to…
IPR faculty affiliate, Dr. Claire Kamp-Dush, received funding from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to conduct a study on health of same-gender…
IPR Affiliate Dr. Joyce Chen, Associate Professor in the Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE), recently hosted an event for Creating Confident…
IPR would like to recognize and congratulate the two recipients of the 2018 IPR Summer Fellowship: Alexandra Kissling and Mary McKay, both students in the Sociology Department. These students will…
The 11th Annual Huber Population Lecture was held Friday, March 23rd. Our speaker was Dr. Joseph Potter, Professor of Sociology at University of Texas at Austin.
John B. Casterline, the Robert T. Lazarus Professor in Population Studies, Department of Sociology, and director of Ohio State’s Institute for Population Research, has been elected…
The 10th Annual Huber Lecture was held Friday, March 24, 2017. Many thanks to our speaker, Dr. Erik Wright, and everyone who helped make it a success! (Pictured above: Erik Wright and Joan Huber)…
Ohio State University joins Federal Statistical Research Data Center Consortium
The Ohio State University collaborated with the University of Kentucky, Indiana University, University of…
IPR faculty affiliate, Alison Norris, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in The College of Public Health and the College of Medicine, has been awarded a Grand Challenges Explorations grant, an…
Jan Box-Steffensmeier, SBS Divisional Dean and professor of political science, was selected to receive the 2016 Excellence in Mentoring Award from the Society for Political Methodology, the…
IPR faculty affiliate Bruce Weinberg, Professor of Economics, is co-author of a new study finding that one year after they graduate, women with PhDs in science and engineering…
Ohio State professor elected to National Academy of Sciences
Clark Spencer Larsen recognized for his anthropological research
By: Emily Caldwell
Congradulations to Sarah Hayford, Karen Guzzo, Vanessa Lang, and Sarah Garver for winning poster session at 2016 PAA, Washington D.C., with work titled "Measuring the Distal Determinants of…
Ohio State researcher Elisabeth Dowling Root uses her background in public health and geography and expertise in data analysis to analyze the factors that influence children’s health. Root…
See the full article here.
Article at the Columbus Dispatch's website.
Barbara Piperata, who has devoted her career to understanding nutrition in some of Brazil's most rural, poor communities, spent part of the fall…
Janet Box-Steffensmeier, Vernal Riffe Professor of Political Science and divisional dean, social and behavioral sciences, will receive the Outstanding Professional Achievement award from the…
IPR Student Affiliate, Marisol Becerra, is the recipient of a Fisher College of Business (Real Estate Department) grant to support a portion of her dissertation research! Becerra is a student in…
NCFR recognizes Sara Mernitz for student excellence, potential in family September 10, 2015
MINNEAPOLIS — The National Council on Family Relations (NCFR) is proud to recognize Sara…
Starting during 2016, the Journal of Marriage and Family is coming to Ohio State under the editorship of IPR Faculty Affiliate and Professor of Sociology Kristi Williams. This is an important and…
OSU's Center for Human Resources Research is celebrating 50 years with a celebration on October 13th in Thompson Library's 11th floor. The event runs 4-6 p.m., with drinks and refreshments served…
Call for Proposals Institute for Population Research 2016 Seed Grant Announcement
Deadline for applications: Wed, Dec 9, 2015, 4:00 p.m.
IPR…
IPR Faculty Affiliate and Associate Professor of Anthropology Mark Moritz and colleagues' Disease Ecology and Computer Modeling Laboratory (DECML) is featured in a recent OSU Discovery Newsposting…
Mark Moritz, IPR faculty affiliate and Associate Professor of Anthropology, received a National Science Foundation EAGER (Early Concept Grants for Exploratory Research) grant for “Modeling Coupled…
Yotebieng, M., Labbok, M., Soeters, H. M., Chalachala, J. L., Lapika, B., Vitta, B. S., & Behets, F. (n.d.). Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding programme to promote early initiation and exclusive…
See the full story at https://news.osu.edu/news/2015/08/04/partner-ability/.
The featured research by Professors Sara Schoppe-Sullivan and Claire Kamp Dush, both in the department of Human…
IPR Faculty Affiliate and Professor of Sociology Elizabeth Cooksey has been named the new Director of the Center for Human Resource Research at Ohio State University. Professor Cooksey is…
Monday, June 15, 2015
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), U.S. Department of Labor, has awarded a $52 million contract to Ohio State’s Center for Human Resource…
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Contact: ECA Press Office
Telephone: 202-632-6445
Date: 05/22/15
Sarah Garver Receives…
Kendra McSweeney, associate professor, geography, presented to more than 100 delegates at a…
Jill Yavorsky, Claire Kamp Dush and Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan's report for the Council on Contemporary Families, The Origin of Gender Inequalities in Dual-Earner, College Educated Couples: The…
IPR Faculty affiliate Cynthia Colen's (with David Ramey) article, “Is breast truly best? Estimating the effects of breastfeeding on long-term child health and wellbeing in the United States using…
Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan, professor of human sciences, has been named a Fellow of the National Council on Family Relations (NCFR). With a membership of more than 3,300 family researchers,…
IPR Faculty Affiliate and Professor of Sociology Claudia Buchmann has been named one of the Huber Faculty Fellows for 2015. The Fellowship is named for Professor Emerita Joan Huber, IPR faculty…
Deadline for applications: Friday, January 30, 2015, 5:00 p.m.
IPR offers seed grants to nurture research projects consistent with IPR’s mission to promote population…
The full text is currently available for free.
See http://u.osu.edu/hdfsrocks/, which to date showcases IPR Faculty Affiliates Claire Kamp Dush and Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan and IPR Student Affiliates Rachel Brown, Letitia Kotila and Sara…
For the full story, see http://go.osu.edu/casterline-ap-egypt.
Their article, "Involvement with Children and Low-Income Fathers' Psychological well-Being," is published in the journal Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice about Men as…
Read the US News & World Report story at http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2014/09/22/is-the-college-admissions-bubble-about-to-burst
Ibañez' dissertation is titled "Finding Work Where Work is Scarce: Personal Contacts and Employment Opportunities in a Less-Developed Country," and her advisers include IPR Faculty Affiliate Kammi…
For the full roundtable, see: http://thesocietypages.org/roundtables/racial-wealth-gap/
Rachel Dwyer: The current dynamics in the racial…
Kate Calder, IPR Faculty Affiliate and Associate Professor of Statistics, has been named a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. Professor Calder is also a collaborator on the IPR…
OSU Research News covers Kotila's and Schoppe-Sullivan's work. The TIME piece is also available online.
"Effective August 1, Janet Box-Steffensmeier, the Vernal Riffe Professor of Political Science, will assume the duties of SBS divisional dean. I am certain that Jan, who is widely known as an…
Cynthia Colen, IPR Faculty Affiliate, is featured in a New York Times debate..
Congratulations to all of our IPR Affiliates who were recognized for excellence this year. Below is a compilation of the awards for which we have been made aware. Please join us in celebrating their…
Larry Brown passed away on Sunday April 6, less than two weeks after he suffered a sudden stroke.
His many contributions to Ohio State, and his distinguished career in Geography, are…
Professor Weinberg is lead author on the Science article. Read more about the project at OSU's OnCampus.
Professor Sui, a Guggenheim Foundation Fellow and OSU Distinguished Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences, will be officially recognized in April during AAG’s annual national meeting in…
Professor Colen is featured in the dispatch story at http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2014/02/26/breast-fed-kids-benefit-but-is-boost-overstated.html, and is covered by OSU Research…
For more details on Professor Foraker's study, see http://cph.osu.edu/news/2014/02/new-electronic-health-record-app-reduce-patient-risk-stroke-and-coronary-heart-diseas-0
See http://artsandsciences.osu.edu/news/asc-faculty-selected-huber-fellows for the announcment of Professor Haynie's award.
Professor McSweeney's article in Science is here: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6170/489.summary?sid=ab5869d1-5743-41a8-95a2-545c6684fec8 . It has been cited, among other outlets,…
See https://artsandsciences.osu.edu/news/economist-finds-cohabitation-affects-the-number-of-long-term-relationships for more details.
Cleveland Public Radio, with Philip Cohen and Congresswoman Marcia Fudge: http://www.ideastream.org/soi/entry/58853
Professor Williams wrote a briefing for the Council on Contemporary…
See http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.jsp?med_id=75399 for the video at www.nsf.gov.
See http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/11/traditional-u-s--family-is-getting-hard-to-find.html and http://online.wsj.com/itp/20130912/us for the full stories.
(Details are also in the attachment on this page -- see below)
We are proud to announce the 7th Annual BGSU/OSU Graduate Student Conference.
Save the Date November 1, 2013 from 9:30am-4…Professor Box-Steffensmeier has published 5 books, 12 book chapters, and more than 40 articles in highly ranked journals including the American Political Science Review, American Journal of…